Western Democracy in Danger
Brexit and Trump's election win have shocked the world, especially given the narrow margin they won by and the failure by the polls to detect those margins. However, the underlying trends are more worrying than the fact that the Brexit camp, the Trump camp and other extreme right groups across Europe are on the rise.Utilising the "Why Nations Fail" framework, we now understand that democracy such as separation of executive, judicial & law-making powers and universal suffrage are only mechanisms; the key is the recognition of pluralism in a society and a consensus to protect pluralism. The democratic mechanisms are then manifestation of such a consensus, and the details of the mechanisms will be based on the consensus and nature of the society.
What we are now witnessing in the US, the UK and Europe is the adherence to the superficials of the mechanism and an erosion of the pluralism consensus. Using Brexit as an example, the vote itself is a democratic outcome and a revelation of the citizens' preferences. It is the simplest case of pluralism - there are two camps, one 'for' and one 'against'. What happens following this revelation is the test for pluralistic tolerance - how will the state treat the result, how will the winners behave and how will the losers respond?
Half a year on and we have done a poor job. The 'win' result has become a holy baton for the Brexiters, such that everytime a free trade deal was mentioned ("Soft Brexit"), they would charge and yell "Brexit is Brexit", with no intention of assessing the realistic situation and understanding the motivations and anxieties of the Remainers and why they preferred remaining. The public is not ignoring the referendum results, but asking that amid the "win", the complexities and anxieties that have surfaced through the referendum are also considered and addressed in subsequent moves.
With the Brexiters trying their best to remember only their victory and not the fact that 48% of the population voted to Remain, and the government siding with this singular mindset, it is little wonder that the Remainers would resort to the independent judiciary to effect a parliamentary vote, to give a formal stage for the pluralistic views to be voiced, recorded & reflected upon.
People often speak of "Tyranny of Democracy" when the winning party takes all and the dissenting views are happily brushed aside and not considered in policy-making. The Parliament exists exactly to counter such tyranny - even if a party has gained a clear majority, that party must still put policies on the table, allow the opposition parties to voice the pluralistic concerns and pressure the ruling party into amendments, and likewise a voting procedure is in place so that the enacted policies represent a genuine consensus from the society.
If the 'Brexit' mentality has been brought into formal political mechanisms, then there need not be a parliament, just a regular vote on which party/politician should rule the state for next 5 years, and allow them to make policies without parliamentary votes, for "a Tory win means Tory rules" or "a Labour win means Labour rules". Even a parliament in which all voting members come from the winning party would not be necessary, for that would mean potential dissents and breakaway from the original promises set out in the election campaigns.
Another manifestation of fading pluralism is the rise of Right Wing politics. There is nothing wrong with expressing concerns over rising number of migrants and the squeeze on welfare & state finance. Voices should be let out, changes to policies should be advocated, and consensus should be reached with other parties who see the migrants from a different angle. The core issue is that the dissenters are giving up their own pluralistic character and instead of focus on their common single identity - their ethnicity, country of birth etc, and allow a singular view to emerge. The far rights groups such as UKIP, Trump's core support groups and Tea Party are dangerous because they encourage their supporters to ditch their pluralistic values and become a 'singular, united' group, and this reduces the plurality of the society. As a singular group, they may exploit their size advantage to pass discriminatory laws, support covert racism in workplace or on the street, and pressure minority groups into submission. Sounds too distant and improbable? The Nazi's attitude towards the Jews was a classic example, but so is China's popular attitude towards the Xinjiang ethnic minorities, and Malaysia's popular attitude towards the ethnic Chinese.
The US and Europe are proud of their democracies and ability to reach consensus for the entire nation to move forward. Now everything is in danger.